The Fertile Crescent is the region in the Middle East which curves, like a quarter-moon shape, from the Persian Gulf, through modern-day southern Iraq,Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and northern Egypt. The term was first coined in 1916 by the Egyptologist James Henry Breasted in his work Ancient Times: A History of the Early World, where he wrote, “This fertile crescent is approximately a semi-circle, with the open side toward the south, having the west end at the south-east corner of the Mediterranean, the centre directly north of Arabia, and the east end at the north end of the Persian Gulf.” His phrase was widely circulated through the publications of the day becoming, finally, the common designation for this region. The Fertile Crescent is traditionally associated (in Jewish, Christian and Muslim faiths) with the earthly location of the Garden of Eden.
Known as the Cradle of Civilization, the Fertile Crescent is regarded as the birthplace of agriculture,urbanization, writing, trade, science, history and organized religion and was first populated c.10,000 BCE when agriculture and the domestication of animals began in the region. By 9,000 BCE the cultivation of wild grains and cereals was wide-spread and, by 5000 BCE, irrigation of agricultural crops was fully developed. By 4500 BCE the cultivation of wool-bearing sheep was practiced widely. The first cities began to rise (Eridu, the first, according to the Sumerians, in 5400 BCE, then Uruk and the others) around 4500 BCE and cultivation of wheat and grains was practiced in addition to the further domestication of animals (by the year 3500 BCE the image of the breed of dog known as the Saluki was appearing regularly on vases and other ceramics as well as wall paintings). The unusually fertile soil of the region encouraged the further cultivation of wheat as well as rye, barley and legumes and some of the earliest beer in the world was brewed in the great cities along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (the most ancient evidence of beer brewing coming from the Sumerian Godin Tepe settlement in modern-day Iran). From 3400 BC, the priests (who were earlier the rulers of the cities) were responsible for the distribution of food and the careful monitoring of surplus for trade.
BY 2000 BCE, BABYLONCONTROLLED THE FERTILE CRESCENT AND THE REGION SAW ADVANCES IN LAW, LITERATURE, RELIGION, SCIENCE, AND MATH.
By 2300 BCE, soap was produced from tallow and ash and was in wide use as personal hygiene was valued in relation to one’s standing with one’s community and with the gods. Attention to one’s person in terms of hygiene was stressed in that human beings were thought to have been created as help-mates to the gods and so should make themselves presentable in the performance of their duties (this was especially so for the Priestly Class). From 2334-2279 BCE Sargon of Akkad(Sargon the Great) ruled over the first multi-cultural empirein Mesopotamia, allowing for the growth of great building projects, art works and religious literature (such as the hymns to Inanna by Sargon’s daughter, Enheduanna). By 2000 BCE, Babylon controlled the Fertile Crescent and the region saw advances in law (Hammurabi’s famous code) literature (The Epic of Gilgamesh, among other works) religion (the development of the Babylonian pantheon of the gods) science and math. From 1900-1400 BCE trade with Europe, Egypt, Phoenicia and the Indian sub-continent was flourishing, resulting in the spread of literacy, culture and religion to these regions. It is speculated that it was in either 1900 or c. 1750 BCE that the biblical patriarch Abraham left his native city of Ur for the 'promised land’, carrying the tales and legends of Mesopotamia with him which would in time appear, transformed, as biblical narratives. If was not, in fact, Abraham, it was certainly someone like him as the parallels between stories such as the Mesoptamian Atrahasis and Noah's Flood, and the Myth of Adapa and the Book of Genesis' tale of the Fall, share many similarities.
The region changed hands many times through the ages. By 600 BCE the Assyrians controlled the Fertile Crescent and, by 580, the Neo-Babylonian Chaldean Empire under Nebuchadnezzar II ruled the region. In 539 BCE Babylon fell to the Cyrus the Great after the Battle of Opis and the lands fell under the control of theAchaemenid Empire (also known as The First Persian Empire). Alexander the Great invaded the area in 334 BCE and, after him, it was ruled by the Parthians, among others, until the coming of Rome in 116 CE. After the short-lived Roman annexation and occupation, the region was conquered by the Sassanid Persians (c. 226 CE) and, finally, by the Arabian Muslims in the 7th century CE.
By this time the glorious achievements of the early cities which grew up beside the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers had long been disseminated throughout the ancient world but the cities themselves were mostly in ruins through the destruction caused by the many military conquests in the region as well as natural causes such as earthquakes and fire. Rampant urbanization and the over-use of the land also resulted in the decline and eventual abandonment of the cities of the Fertile Crescent. The city of Eridu, considered by the early Mesopotamians to be the first city on earth, built and inhabited by the gods, had been abandoned since 600 BCE, Uruk, the city of Gilgamesh, since 630 CE and Babylon, the city which gave writing, law, and culture to the ancient world (but whose name the writers of the biblical narratives would link forever with sin and evil) was a vacant ruin.
In 2001 CE the National Geographic News reported that the Fertile Crescent was rapidly becoming so only in name as, due to extensive damming of the rivers as well as a massive draining works program initiated in southern Iraq from the 1970’s on, the fertile marshlands which once covered 15,000 – 20,000 square kilometers (5,800 – 7,700 square miles) had shrunk to a mere 1,500 – 2,000 square kilometers (580 – 770 square miles). As pleas from environmental groups and regional farmers to stop damming and drainage projects were ignored by the governments of Iraq, Syria and Turkey, the situation worsened so that, presently, the region which once was the lush paradise and cradle of civilization largely consists of dry, cracked plains of sun-baked clay.
Architecture and grinding equipment from excavation area A in Chogha Golan, Iran. Image courtesy of TISARP/University of Tübingen
Chogha Golan measures roughly 3 hectares (~7.5 acres) in area and contains at least 8 meters (~26 feet) of stratified Pre-Pottery Neolithic occupations, in eleven layers separated by plaster floors or other features. The site was first characterized by the identification of chipped stone, building debris and burned sediment. Architectural features identified in the excavations to date include mud brick structures and enclosures with plastered walls.
Chogha Golan measures roughly 3 hectares (~7.5 acres) in area and contains at least 8 meters (~26 feet) of stratified Pre-Pottery Neolithic occupations, in eleven layers separated by plaster floors or other features. The site was first characterized by the identification of chipped stone, building debris and burned sediment. Architectural features identified in the excavations to date include mud brick structures and enclosures with plastered wall.
Chogha Golan (also known as Choga Khulaman) is an archaeological site in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains on the Mehran Plain of Iran, on the banks of the Konjan Cham River. The site is what archaeologists call a tell, a large mound built by recurring human occupation over a period of, in this case, more than two thousand years. All of the human occupations at Chogha Golan date to the aceramic Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) period, specifically PPNA to middle PPNB, beginning approximately 12,000 years ago.
No comments:
Post a Comment