Karl Marx (contd-2)

Karl Heinrich Marx was one of nine children born to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx in Trier, Prussia. His father was a successful lawyer who revered Kant and Voltaire, and was a passionate activist for Prussian reform. Although both parents were Jewish with rabbinical ancestry, Karl’s father converted to Christianity in 1816 at the age of 35.This was likely a professional concession in response to an 1815 law banning Jews from high society. He was baptized a Lutheran, rather than a Catholic, which was the predominant faith in Trier, because he “equated Protestantism with intellectual freedom.” When he was 6, Karl was baptized along with the other children, but his mother waited until 1825, after her father died.

Karl had deep respect to his father. He wrote in a letter , " I was born of a father having legal profession , Lawyer, who was an elected  leader for a good number of years and was having outstanding personality in all respect." 

In his childhood Karl was very joyful. He was the most lively person among all his friends and sisters.He had the capacity of telling beautiful stories constructed by his own.

Marx was an average student. He was educated at home until he was 12 and spent five years, from 1830 to 1835, at the Jesuit high school in Trier, at that time known as the Friedrich-Wilhelm Gymnasium. The school’s principal, a friend of Marx’s father, was a liberal and a Kantian and was respected by the people of Rhineland but suspect to authorities. The school was under surveillance and was raided in 1832.

Immanuel Kant ( 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was aGerman philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy.

 Hugo Wyttenbach, the Headmaster of the Gymnasium,

was a friend of his father. By employing many liberal humanists as teachers, Wyttenbach incurred the anger of the local conservative government. Subsequently, police raided the school in 1832, and discovered that literature espousing political liberalism was being distributed among the students. Considering the distribution of such material a seditious act, the authorities instituted reforms and replaced several staff during Marx's attendance.

Karl Marx (contd-1)

Origins of Capitalism, Socialism, Communism, and Anarchism

The late 19^th century was a critical time of change: social, economical, political, and more. This change resulted from the revolutions of the previous centuries. Three such revolutions in particular are the French Revolution, Scientific Revolution, and the Christian Reformation. The culmination of these three revolutions gave birth to new political, social, and economical ideologies of Capitalism, Socialism- governmental and non-governmental, and Communism/Anarchism. Each ideology broke bonds with the old monarchial and feudal systems; however each has a very different view on the appropriate way to do so. Globally, the Revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies. It became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies, leading to the spread of liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, socialism, feminism, and secularism, among many others. In 1790s the

 Execution of Louis XVI in what is now the Place de la Concorde, facing the empty pedestal where the statue of his grandfather, Louis XV, had stood. 

Abolition of feudalism

Main article: Abolition of feudalism in France

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 26 August 1789

On the night of 4 August 1789, the National Constituent Assembly abolished feudalism (sufficient peasant revolts had almost already ended feudalism) in the August Decrees, sweeping away both the seigneurial rights of the Second Estate and the tithes (a 10% tax for the Church) gathered by the First Estate. During a few hours nobles, clergy, towns, provinces, companies and cities lost their special 

privileges.

Germany developed its factories in this area and two classes were born Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. Even at the end of eighteenth cntury the Prussian Govt. did not dare to abolish the benefits earned by this revolution in Rhine.

Trier was established by Roman empire.

Karl was brought up in this city which was not only rich in its  past heriatge but also there were wretched artisans creating a huge contradiction between the two classes.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Karl Marx was born in Trier of Rhine province in Prussia on 5th May 1818. In 1815, Prussia gained control of the duchies of Cleves, Berg, Gelderland and Jülich, the ecclesiastical principalities of Trier and Cologne, the free cities of Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne, and nearly a hundred small lordships and abbeys which would all be amalgamated into the new Prussian Rhine Province. In 1822 Prussia established the Rhine Province by joining the provinces of Lower Rhine and Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Its capital was Koblenz; it had 8.0 million inhabitants by 1939. In 1920, the Saar was separated from the Rhine Province and administered by the League of Nations until a plebiscite in 1935, when the region was returned to Germany.

 Rhine province

At the Peace of Basel in 1795, the whole of the left bank of the Rhine was taken by France. The population was about 1.6 million in numerous small states. In 1806, the Rhenish princes all joined the Confederation of the Rhine, a puppet of Napoleon. France took direct control of the Rhineland until 1814 and radically and permanently liberalized the government, society and economy. The Coalition of France's enemies made repeated efforts to retake the region, but France repelled all the attempts.vince

 German confederation

Religions of the World

Religion knows neither frontiers nor Geographical barriers Most religious have, for some reason or another, spread beyond the lands of their origins. 

Judaism, which dates back to Moses ( Moses  is a prophet in Abrahamic religions. According to the Hebrew Bible, he was a former Egyptian prince who later in life became a religious leader and lawgiver, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed.) 

in the 13th century B.C. when even the most advanced societies still worshiped a multiplicity of Gods, is uncompromisingly monotheistic.

After its clash with Imperial Rome and the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 and 135, the Jews were expelled from the Holy land , and a Jewish state was not again established in Palestine until 1948  - almost 2000 years later - although the majority of adherents of Judaism remain scattered through out the world.

Hinduism     the age-old religion    of India , which honours many god and goddesses  - all of whom , however, are regarded as manifestations of the one divine spirit , Brahman, - introduced into religious thinking the concept that spiritual peace and and happiness can be attained only tghrough physical and mental discipline . Its rigid caste divisions have been the target of innumerable reformers - among them men like Gandhi, Tagore, Bhave.                                                                                        

Five largest religions	2010 (billion)[76]	2010 (%)	2000 (billion)[77][78]	2000 (%)	Demographics
Christianity	2.2	32%	2.0	33%	Christianity by country
Islam	1.6	23%	1.2	19.6%	Islam by country
Hinduism	1.0	15%	0.811	13.4%	Hinduism by country
Buddhism	0.5	7%	0.360	5.9%	Buddhism by country
Folk religion	0.4	6%	0.385	6.4%
Total	5.8	84%	4.8	78.3%

Scientific Discoveries between 1492-1780

 Then followed the scientific discoveries when expeditions by land and sea had exploration for knowledge as their aim. the greatest leader for such an was Captain Cook (Captain James Cook, FRS, RN (7 November 1728^{[NB 1]} – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigationof New Zealand.),

 who in only three great voyages explored Australia, New Zealand, Circumnavigated Antartica and sailed through the Bering Strait . Explorationm by land was slower and it was not until the nineteenth century that English and American expeditions crossed North America and south America was fully penetrated.

Africa was the last major continent to be crossed . Serious exploration was begun in 1795 by Mungo Park (Mungo Park (11 September 1771 – 1806) was a Scottish explorer of the African continent. He was the first Westerner known to have travelled to the central portion of the Niger River.)

in West Africa , and thirty years later the Lauder Brothers (I profiled brothers Ronald and Leonard Lauder in 2002 as two of the world’s top collectors, patrons, philanthropists, and chairmen of major New York museums. They talk every day and buy art almost as often.)

found the mouth of the river Niger.

In 1849, David Livingstone , (David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa. His meeting with H. M. Stanley on 10 November 1871 gave rise to the popular quotation "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Livingstone was one of the most popular national heroes of the late 19th century in Victorian Britain, and he had a mythical status which operated on a number of interconnected levels: )

The major interest was then centred round the north and south polar regions. In 1909 the American , Peary , was the first to reach the north pole and in 1958 the American submarine .   

 who usually travelled alone and was perhaps the greatest land explorer ever known , began his journeys in southern and central Africa ; his work was continued after his death by his friend , Stanley.  

In 1911 the Norwegian, Amundsen (Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen(Norwegian: [ˈɾuːɑl ˈɑmʉnsən]; 16 July 1872 – c.18 June 1928) was a Norwegian explorer ofpolar regions. He led the Antarctic expedition of 1910–12 which was the first to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911. In 1926, he was the first expedition leader for the air expedition to the North Pole.) , 

was the first to reach the south pole , followed a month later by the later by the Englishman, Scott, and in 1955-1958, Sir Vivian Fuchs led a british Commonwealth expedition which crossed the Antartic continent from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea.   

    

The great Explorations

The most important exploration of this period was made by Alexander The Greatin the yaers 330-323 B.C. when accompanied by land surveyors and scribes to record details of the countries through which he passed, he marched his armies through persia to Indisa , and, like a true explorer, returned by a different route.

In the 2nd and 1st century B.C.The Romans in the expansion of their empire penetrated up the Nile , as far north as the Baltic , and west ward across Europe.

Westwards exploration was extended by the Norsemen first by their discovery of Iceland  about A.D. 982, and finally by their reaching the mainland of North America about four years later. 

At about the same time the arabs were voyaging far afield in the Indian ocean , ranging fronm Spain to China , and as the south as Madagascar . Their greatest traveler was Ibn Batutawho visited every Moslem Country in a remarkablke series of journeys that lasted almost thirty years. Budhist Missionaries , passing to and fro from India to China across the deserts of Tagla Makan and Gobi , had come across what came to be known as the Jade Route, along which for centuries traders carried jade vfrom Himalyas to China in exchange far silk. 

In the same periodenvoys were sent by the Pope to great Khan of the Mughal Empire , and thus opened up the way forthe Poles , father and son - Venetian jewel merchants and the most famous land travellers of the age who journeyed twice across the Asia. 

By A.D. 1487 the Portuguese had coasted down Africa and in that year the Cape of Good Hope was rounded by Bartholomew Diaz. Thus opened the great age of Discoveries., and in thirty years all the unkown oceans were crossed  -  Columbus reaching America in 1492. Vascodama reaching India in 1498 and Magellan sailing across the Pacific and round the whole world in 1521.   

Following on the hills of Columbus , the Portuguese spread down through Brazil, and the Spaniards endeavoured to corss the continent that lay between them and the riches of the east . In A.D. 1513 Balbao crossed the Isthumus of Panama and a few years later Cortez conquered Mexico and reached the Gulf of California . The English and the French gained footings in North America and with the Dutch , began to seek a north west Passage in the Arcticas a route to China . By A.D. 1650 the existence of all the continents except America had been proved. 

  

The three growths, 1. growth of population, 2. growth of exploration and 3. growth of Scientific discoveries f

The three growths, 1. Growth of Population, 2. Growth of Exploration, and 3. Growth of Scientific discoveries in 15th to 19th centuries changed completely the face of the earth leading to two great wars.
1. Growth of Population ;

In the middle of 1800s world's population was estimated to be 1,000 million by mid 1920s , less than a century later, the population, the population had doubled. Considering all the relevant factors United Nations forecast that by A.D. 2000 the figure will have increased to over 6,000 millions and that it may reach 7,000 millions, as shown in the central  figure.    

The phenomenal expansion is shown on the chart in the center of these pages.

Movement of Population

The movement of population occur mainly for political, religious and economic reasons.The more important migrations of the past three hundred years;

1. Europeans to USA, 2. Europeans to Canada, 3. Europeans to South America, 4. Europeans to Australia and New Zealand, 5. Europeans to Central and East Africa, 6. Internal migration to Europe,

7. Dutch in South Africa; 8. Chinese in other parts of Asia, 9. Indians in Malay and Africa, 10. West Indians to Great Britain,